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同濟大學 |
聯合大學 |
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美國強生 |
瑞士羅氏 |
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篩選常用、經濟且可抑制低階煤煤塵的表面活性劑(二)
來源:西安科(ke)技(ji)大學學報(社(she)會科(ke)學版) 瀏覽(lan) 188 次 發布時間:2023-11-26
2、煙煤性質(zhi)分析
煙煤中的(de)無(wu)機(ji)物質、有機(ji)物質組成及(ji)粒徑分布會直(zhi)接影響(xiang)煤塵的(de)物理及(ji)化學性質,從而(er)影響(xiang)其潤濕性。
2.1煤塵粒徑分布(bu)
利用激(ji)光粒度分析儀對實驗用的(de)煤塵粒徑分布特征測試,結(jie)果見表2。
由(you)表(biao)2可(ke)以看到,實(shi)驗用的(de)(de)煙(yan)煤(mei)粒(li)徑(jing)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao),可(ke)吸入塵(chen)(chen)所(suo)占比例(li)較(jiao)(jiao)高,粒(li)徑(jing)在(zai)(zai)10μm以下(xia)(xia)煤(mei)塵(chen)(chen)的(de)(de)累(lei)積(ji)量(liang)超過(guo)34.8%,粒(li)徑(jing)在(zai)(zai)2.5μm以下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)煤(mei)塵(chen)(chen)累(lei)積(ji)量(liang)超過(guo)了(le)11.7%,對井下(xia)(xia)礦工的(de)(de)職(zhi)業健(jian)康(kang)安全(quan)有較(jiao)(jiao)大威脅。此外,有研(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming),煤(mei)塵(chen)(chen)粒(li)徑(jing)分(fen)布(bu)特征會影響煤(mei)塵(chen)(chen)潤(run)(run)濕(shi)性,煤(mei)塵(chen)(chen)粒(li)徑(jing)越(yue)小(xiao),煤(mei)塵(chen)(chen)表(biao)面越(yue)容易與空氣形成一層“氣膜”將其包裹,而水(shui)的(de)(de)表(biao)面張力較(jiao)(jiao)高,較(jiao)(jiao)難取代(dai)空氣后在(zai)(zai)煤(mei)塵(chen)(chen)表(biao)面鋪展,因此實(shi)驗所(suo)用煤(mei)塵(chen)(chen)較(jiao)(jiao)難被水(shui)直接潤(run)(run)濕(shi)。
2.2煤塵工業分(fen)析和(he)元素(su)分(fen)析
根據(ju)GB/T 212—2008《煤(mei)(mei)(mei)的工業分析方(fang)法》和GB/T 31391—2015《煤(mei)(mei)(mei)的元(yuan)素(su)分析方(fang)法》對實驗用煤(mei)(mei)(mei)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)樣進行工業和元(yuan)素(su)分析,結果(guo)見表3。
從(cong)(cong)煤(mei)(mei)樣(yang)的(de)(de)工業分(fen)(fen)(fen)析可以(yi)看(kan)出,該煙(yan)煤(mei)(mei)中的(de)(de)水分(fen)(fen)(fen)及灰分(fen)(fen)(fen)等無(wu)機(ji)組分(fen)(fen)(fen)含量都較(jiao)低(di)(di),分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)僅占872%和2.71%,煤(mei)(mei)塵(chen)的(de)(de)潤(run)濕(shi)性(xing)較(jiao)差。而揮(hui)發(fa)分(fen)(fen)(fen)含量高達33.72%,說明該煙(yan)煤(mei)(mei)煤(mei)(mei)樣(yang)容易(yi)揮(hui)發(fa)出甲(jia)烷、乙(yi)(yi)烯、乙(yi)(yi)炔等氣體,表面(mian)存在大量性(xing)質活潑、穩定(ding)性(xing)差的(de)(de)有(you)機(ji)物(wu)質,容易(yi)阻(zu)擋溶液(ye)對(dui)煤(mei)(mei)塵(chen)的(de)(de)潤(run)濕(shi)。從(cong)(cong)元素分(fen)(fen)(fen)析中可以(yi)看(kan)到,煤(mei)(mei)塵(chen)元素中煤(mei)(mei)樣(yang)中的(de)(de)固定(ding)碳(tan)含量為(wei)54.85%,說明煤(mei)(mei)化程度較(jiao)低(di)(di),該煙(yan)煤(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)氧碳(tan)比(bi)和氫碳(tan)比(bi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別(bie)(bie)僅為(wei)0.16和0.06,低(di)(di)的(de)(de)氧碳(tan)比(bi)和氫碳(tan)比(bi)也不(bu)利于煤(mei)(mei)塵(chen)被潤(run)濕(shi)。因此(ci),可以(yi)推斷該煤(mei)(mei)樣(yang)較(jiao)難被水直接(jie)潤(run)濕(shi),必(bi)須(xu)加(jia)(jia)入表面(mian)活性(xing)劑作為(wei)添加(jia)(jia)劑提高煤(mei)(mei)塵(chen)潤(run)濕(shi)性(xing)。
3、實驗結果與分析
3.1表面活性(xing)劑溶液的表面張力
表面張(zhang)力通常用來描述液體與空氣(qi)的(de)性質差異(yi),差異(yi)越(yue)(yue)小,表面張(zhang)力也越(yue)(yue)小,煤(mei)塵與溶液接觸時能障(zhang)越(yue)(yue)小,越(yue)(yue)有(you)利(li)于煤(mei)塵進入溶液。
3.1.1濃度對(dui)表面活性劑溶液表面張力的影(ying)響(xiang)
在25℃條件下,測定溶液表面張力隨濃度變化(hua)的(de)結果如圖(tu)1所示。純水的(de)表面張力為73.48 mN/m。
由圖1可以看(kan)出(chu),向水中加入實(shi)驗所選取的(de)(de)8種(zhong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji),都能有效降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。8種(zhong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)隨濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)增大(da)先增大(da),達到臨(lin)界膠束濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)后(hou)趨于穩定(ding),此時(shi)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)稱(cheng)為臨(lin)界膠束濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)時(shi)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),用于衡量表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)能力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),也(ye)是評價溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)重要指(zhi)標(biao)。8種(zhong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)均可在較(jiao)低(di)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)下,快速降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li),當(dang)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)為0.05 g/L,8種(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至(zhi)25.43~46.76 mN/m,當(dang)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)為0.2 g/L時(shi),8種(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至(zhi)25.22~40.64 mN/m,當(dang)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)為2.0 g/L時(shi),8種(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)均降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至(zhi)35 mN/m以下,比自(zi)(zi)(zi)來(lai)水的(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了一(yi)倍(bei)多(duo)。但(dan)同一(yi)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)下,8種(zhong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)能力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)存在一(yi)定(ding)差異,當(dang)濃(nong)(nong)度(du)(du)為0.1 g/L時(shi),APG溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)為25.41 mN/m,比自(zi)(zi)(zi)來(lai)水下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了6542%,而SDBS溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)為45.82 mN/m,只比自(zi)(zi)(zi)來(lai)水下降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了不足40%。
3.1.2表(biao)(biao)面活性(xing)劑(ji)性(xing)質對表(biao)(biao)面張力的影響
圖2分別(bie)是8種表(biao)面活性劑溶液表(biao)面張力隨濃(nong)度(du)的變化曲線(xian),在曲線(xian)上作出兩(liang)條(tiao)直線(xian),一條(tiao)與發生突(tu)變前的曲線(xian)相(xiang)切,另一條(tiao)與發生突(tu)變后的曲線(xian)相(xiang)切,在交叉(cha)點得(de)到其臨(lin)界膠束濃(nong)度(du)及(ji)表(biao)面張力。
由(you)圖2可見,8種表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)溶(rong)液(ye)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)隨濃(nong)度(du)(du)變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢大體(ti)(ti)上(shang)相同,但其(qi)臨(lin)(lin)界(jie)(jie)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)束(shu)(shu)濃(nong)度(du)(du)及(ji)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)有(you)較大差別。溶(rong)液(ye)臨(lin)(lin)界(jie)(jie)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)束(shu)(shu)濃(nong)度(du)(du)越(yue)小,說明表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)形(xing)成(cheng)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)束(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)越(yue)強(qiang)。8種表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)(lin)界(jie)(jie)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)束(shu)(shu)濃(nong)度(du)(du)主要(yao)集中(zhong)在(zai)濃(nong)度(du)(du)為0.1~0.4 g/L左(zuo)右,其(qi)中(zhong)APG的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)(lin)界(jie)(jie)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)束(shu)(shu)濃(nong)度(du)(du)最小為0.04 g/L,SDBS的(de)(de)(de)(de)最大為0.53 g/L,8種表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)形(xing)成(cheng)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)束(shu)(shu)能(neng)力(li)(li)由(you)強(qiang)到弱(ruo)排(pai)序為:APG>BS-12>1631>OA-12>JFC>DTAB>AOT>SDBS,總體(ti)(ti)呈現出兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)型(xing)(xing)>非離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)>陽離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)>陰離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規律。溶(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)γcmc值(zhi)越(yue)小,表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)降低(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)越(yue)強(qiang),陰離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)非離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)4種表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)γcmc值(zhi)均較低(di)(di),其(qi)中(zhong)APG降低(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)能(neng)力(li)(li)最強(qiang),γcmc值(zhi)僅為25.61 mN/m,比水降低(di)(di)了65.15%。而(er)陽離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)和(he)兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)較高(gao),均在(zai)31.00 mN/m以上(shang),1631降低(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)最弱(ruo),表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)為34.79 mN/m。8種表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)降低(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)由(you)強(qiang)到弱(ruo)依次排(pai)序如(ru)下(xia):APG>JFC>AOT>SDBS>OA-12>CTAB>BS-12>1631,總體(ti)(ti)而(er)言(yan),非離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)>陰離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)>兩(liang)(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)型(xing)(xing)>陽離(li)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)型(xing)(xing)。APG的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨(lin)(lin)界(jie)(jie)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)束(shu)(shu)濃(nong)度(du)(du)和(he)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)都(dou)最低(di)(di),這可能(neng)是因為APG分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)為環狀(zhuang)結構(gou),環狀(zhuang)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)碳原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)連接有(you)醇(chun)羥(qian)基,這些醇(chun)羥(qian)基與(yu)水分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之間存在(zai)強(qiang)相互作用,且在(zai)水溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)溶(rong)解度(du)(du)很高(gao),因此有(you)效(xiao)降低(di)(di)了溶(rong)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li),也更易形(xing)成(cheng)膠(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)束(shu)(shu)。
表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)溶液(ye)的(de)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力與濃(nong)度(du)及自身性(xing)質(zhi)密切相關。在(zai)達到臨(lin)界膠(jiao)束濃(nong)度(du)之前(qian),溶液(ye)濃(nong)度(du)越大,表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力越小。在(zai)8種(zhong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)中(zhong),陽離子(zi)及兩性(xing)型表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)雖然具有較(jiao)低(di)的(de)臨(lin)界膠(jiao)束濃(nong)度(du),但是(shi)降(jiang)低(di)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力的(de)能(neng)力較(jiao)差;陰離子(zi)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)的(de)臨(lin)界膠(jiao)束濃(nong)度(du)值(zhi)最高,但在(zai)降(jiang)低(di)溶液(ye)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力方(fang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)性(xing)能(neng)優越;非離子(zi)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)APG形(xing)成(cheng)膠(jiao)束能(neng)力、降(jiang)低(di)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)力能(neng)力均為最強。