研究了(le)在高(gao)(gao)鹽油(you)藏中，利用兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)/陰(yin)離(li)(li)(li)子表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的協同(tong)效應獲得油(you)水(shui)(shui)超低界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)的方(fang)法。兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)十六烷(wan)基(ji)磺基(ji)甜(tian)菜堿與(yu)高(gao)(gao)鹽礦化(hua)水(shui)(shui)具有很好(hao)的相(xiang)容(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，但在表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)濃(nong)(nong)度為(wei)0.07%-0.39%（質(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)數）范圍內僅能使油(you)水(shui)(shui)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)達到(dao)10-2mN·m-1量(liang)級，加入陰(yin)離(li)(li)(li)子表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)十二烷(wan)基(ji)硫(liu)酸鈉后(hou)則可與(yu)原油(you)達到(dao)超低界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)。通過探(tan)討表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)總濃(nong)(nong)度、金屬離(li)(li)(li)子濃(nong)(nong)度、復配比例對油(you)水(shui)(shui)動態界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)的影響(xiang)，發(fa)現兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)/陰(yin)離(li)(li)(li)子表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)混合體系可以在高(gao)(gao)礦化(hua)度、低濃(nong)(nong)度和0.04%-0.37%的寬濃(nong)(nong)度范圍下獲得10-5mN·m-1量(liang)級的超低界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)，并(bing)分(fen)析了(le)兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)/陰(yin)離(li)(li)(li)子表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)間協同(tong)獲得超低界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)的機制。

1、引言

能(neng)源是(shi)人類社會賴以(yi)存在(zai)和(he)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)需求預計會以(yi)平均每年(nian)0.9%的(de)(de)速度增(zeng)長(chang)，從2008年(nian)的(de)(de)8500萬桶/天(tian)增(zeng)長(chang)到(dao)(dao)2030年(nian)的(de)(de)1.05億桶/天(tian)。這(zhe)要(yao)求我們不僅要(yao)發(fa)(fa)現更多的(de)(de)原(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)儲(chu)量(liang)，還要(yao)依(yi)靠現有油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)田的(de)(de)高(gao)效開發(fa)(fa)來維(wei)持原(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)供應(ying)。油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)田利用天(tian)然(ran)能(neng)量(liang)或者(zhe)注(zhu)水、注(zhu)氣補充(chong)地層能(neng)量(liang)進行開發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)原(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)采(cai)收率(lv)(lv)最(zui)高(gao)只能(neng)達到(dao)(dao)40%,也就是(shi)說(shuo)，60%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)儲(chu)量(liang)的(de)(de)原(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)仍(reng)然(ran)滯留(liu)在(zai)地層中(zhong)，因(yin)此，強化采(cai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)技術(shu)(shu)在(zai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)田的(de)(de)開發(fa)(fa)應(ying)用勢在(zai)必行。在(zai)各種強化采(cai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)技術(shu)(shu)中(zhong)，化學驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)我國油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)田進一(yi)步提高(gao)采(cai)收率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)主要(yao)措施之一(yi)。大慶油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)田聚(ju)合(he)物驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)可(ke)(ke)在(zai)水驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)提高(gao)原(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)采(cai)收率(lv)(lv)10%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)，已經由先導性(xing)(xing)礦場試驗(yan)邁入(ru)大規(gui)模工業性(xing)(xing)商業階段，年(nian)增(zeng)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)達到(dao)(dao)1000萬噸以(yi)上(shang)(shang)；復(fu)合(he)驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)技術(shu)(shu)綜合(he)發(fa)(fa)揮了聚(ju)合(he)物、表(biao)面活性(xing)(xing)劑和(he)堿的(de)(de)協同效應(ying)，可(ke)(ke)在(zai)水驅(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)提高(gao)原(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)采(cai)收率(lv)(lv)20%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。

表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑在(zai)化學驅(qu)技術中起著極其重要(yao)的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。有效(xiao)(xiao)驅(qu)替(ti)殘留在(zai)油(you)層孔隙中的(de)(de)原(yuan)油(you)需(xu)要(yao)使油(you)水(shui)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)降低(di)到(dao)(dao)超(chao)低(di)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)（＜10-2mN·m-1），這可(ke)以通過使用(yong)適當的(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑體系來實現(xian)。研究(jiu)者們在(zai)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑、堿(jian)的(de)(de)類型和濃度對油(you)水(shui)動態界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)影(ying)響方面(mian)(mian)開(kai)展了很多工作(zuo)，已經(jing)發現(xian)可(ke)以使油(you)水(shui)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)降低(di)到(dao)(dao)超(chao)低(di)水(shui)平的(de)(de)大(da)量表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑體系。這些結果(guo)表(biao)明(ming)很容易通過改變油(you)水(shui)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)來提高剩(sheng)余油(you)的(de)(de)驅(qu)油(you)效(xiao)(xiao)率，但是，仍然有很多不利的(de)(de)因素(su)阻礙化學驅(qu)技術的(de)(de)大(da)規模推廣(guang)應(ying)用(yong)。例如(ru)，為(wei)了使油(you)水(shui)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)達到(dao)(dao)超(chao)低(di)界(jie)(jie)面(mian)(mian)張(zhang)(zhang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑體系中要(yao)加(jia)入大(da)量的(de)(de)堿(jian)。

礦場試驗表(biao)明，堿(jian)的(de)加入(ru)(ru)會與巖石(shi)和地層(ceng)(ceng)水中的(de)金屬離(li)子反應，引起(qi)管道結(jie)垢(gou)并對油(you)(you)層(ceng)(ceng)溶(rong)蝕從而破壞油(you)(you)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)。同(tong)時，隨著(zhu)(zhu)油(you)(you)田開(kai)發程度的(de)日益深入(ru)(ru)，需要推廣化(hua)學(xue)(xue)驅技術的(de)油(you)(you)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)水質礦化(hua)度越來越高，目前常用的(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑體系都難(nan)以滿足高鹽(yan)(yan)油(you)(you)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)的(de)需求。最近的(de)研(yan)究結(jie)果表(biao)明，Gemini型(xing)和改(gai)性(xing)的(de)甜菜堿(jian)型(xing)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑等均可在(zai)高鹽(yan)(yan)油(you)(you)藏(zang)(zang)(zang)條件下顯著(zhu)(zhu)降低界面(mian)(mian)張力(li)。但是，陽離(li)子型(xing)Gemini表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑在(zai)帶負電的(de)油(you)(you)層(ceng)(ceng)巖石(shi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)吸附(fu)損失嚴重，陰(yin)離(li)子型(xing)Gemini和改(gai)性(xing)甜菜堿(jian)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑的(de)合成路線復雜、成本高。因此(ci)，如何簡便地獲得能(neng)夠在(zai)高鹽(yan)(yan)條件下與原油(you)(you)達(da)到超(chao)低界面(mian)(mian)張力(li)的(de)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活(huo)性(xing)劑體系仍然(ran)是化(hua)學(xue)(xue)驅技術室(shi)內研(yan)究需要解決的(de)關鍵問題之一(yi)。

表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)復(fu)配(pei)體(ti)系(xi)能(neng)夠發(fa)揮表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協同(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，具(ju)有(you)比單一(yi)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)更優異的(de)(de)(de)(de)物理化(hua)學性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)。不同(tong)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)協同(tong)吸附可以在(zai)油(you)水界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)形成緊密的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸附膜，有(you)利(li)于(yu)獲得油(you)水超(chao)低界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)，這避免了表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)分子結(jie)構中復(fu)雜官能(neng)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)引入，利(li)于(yu)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工業化(hua)生產；同(tong)時，應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協同(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)能(neng)夠降(jiang)低表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用量，從而降(jiang)低驅油(you)體(ti)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)，具(ju)有(you)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益。基(ji)于(yu)上述考(kao)慮，本(ben)文(wen)針對高(gao)(gao)鹽油(you)藏，研究了兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)、兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)/陰離子表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)復(fu)配(pei)體(ti)系(xi)與原油(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動態界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)，分析(xi)了兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)/陰離子表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協同(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)對動態界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)行為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，以期闡明(ming)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)鹽油(you)藏中利(li)用兩(liang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)/陰離子表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)活(huo)(huo)(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協同(tong)效(xiao)(xiao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)無堿、低濃度下獲得油(you)水超(chao)低界(jie)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)張(zhang)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法。

2、實驗部分

2.1試(shi)劑

實驗(yan)用(yong)(yong)水(shui)為室內(nei)利用(yong)(yong)氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈉(na)、氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈣和氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂配制的礦(kuang)(kuang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)水(shui)，總(zong)礦(kuang)(kuang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)度(du)為10550 mg·L-1,其中Na+3145.3 mg·L-1;Ca2+576.58 mg·L-1;Mg2+240 mg·L-1;實驗(yan)用(yong)(yong)油(you)為勝利油(you)田孤東(dong)采油(you)廠脫(tuo)水(shui)原油(you)；十六烷基磺基甜菜堿（N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate,縮寫(xie)為HDAPS,純(chun)度(du)98%）購自(zi)百(bai)靈威化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)試劑有(you)限公司(si)；十二(er)烷基硫(liu)酸鈉(na)（sodium dodecyl sulfate,縮寫(xie)為SDS），氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈉(na)，氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鈣，六水(shui)氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)鎂，均為分析(xi)純(chun)試劑，購自(zi)國(guo)藥集團(tuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)試劑有(you)限公司(si)。

2.2油(you)水界面張力測定(ding)

油水界面張力采用芬蘭Kibron旋轉界面張力儀測(ce)定，測(ce)試溫度均為60°C.