為(wei)研究泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)消煙(yan)(yan)技術在(zai)汽(qi)油火(huo)災煙(yan)(yan)氣(qi)凈(jing)化(hua)中的(de)有效(xiao)性(xing)(xing)，水中添加質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)(fen)數1%月(yue)桂酰兩性(xing)(xing)基二乙(yi)酸二鈉（LAD）表(biao)(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)(xing)劑(ji)制備(bei)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)，并(bing)加入Na2S2O3,Na2SO3,NaHCO3,NaOH等堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)添加劑(ji)制成(cheng)堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)。通過分(fen)(fen)析(xi)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)表(biao)(biao)面張力(li)、黏度、泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)沫性(xing)(xing)能、pH值及汽(qi)油燃燒(shao)殘留物（炭黑）沉降時(shi)間等性(xing)(xing)能指標，確定最優消煙(yan)(yan)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)(fen)數1%的(de)LAD溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)添加質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)(fen)數0.4%Na2SO3堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)添加劑(ji)；使用自制煙(yan)(yan)氣(qi)收集凈(jing)化(hua)裝置(zhi)對發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)凈(jing)煙(yan)(yan)效(xiao)果(guo)測試(shi)發(fa)現，汽(qi)油煙(yan)(yan)氣(qi)被包裹在(zai)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)中而難(nan)以溢散并(bing)被泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)緩(huan)慢吸附(fu)、中和，使得(de)反(fan)應后溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)pH值大幅(fu)降低(di)；模(mo)擬(ni)隧道汽(qi)油火(huo)災黑煙(yan)(yan)凈(jing)化(hua)實驗測得(de)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)噴射作業150s能使黑煙(yan)(yan)濃度降低(di)97.8%.堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)(ye)能有效(xiao)凈(jing)化(hua)汽(qi)油火(huo)災煙(yan)(yan)氣(qi)。

實驗材料

堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)發(fa)(fa)泡(pao)液的(de)(de)(de)組成為(wei)(wei)水、表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)、堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)添(tian)(tian)加劑(ji)。選用亞硫酸(suan)(suan)鈉（Na2SO3）、硫代硫酸(suan)(suan)鈉（Na2S2O3）、碳酸(suan)(suan)氫鈉（NaHCO3）和(he)(he)氫氧化鈉（NaOH）4種堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)添(tian)(tian)加劑(ji)。為(wei)(wei)減少(shao)離(li)(li)子對溶(rong)液性(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)，本(ben)文選用的(de)(de)(de)是含(han)Na無機(ji)鹽(yan)。其中(zhong)Na2SO3屬于(yu)強堿(jian)(jian)弱(ruo)(ruo)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)，在水中(zhong)電離(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)弱(ruo)(ruo)堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)，能(neng)(neng)與NO2發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)反應，從而吸收(shou)NO2.Na2S2O3能(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)游離(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)氰離(li)(li)子相結合，使(shi)氰化物(wu)變為(wei)(wei)無毒(du)的(de)(de)(de)硫氰酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)。碳酸(suan)(suan)氫鈉受(shou)熱(re)(re)分(fen)解(jie)是吸熱(re)(re)過程(cheng)，能(neng)(neng)降低火(huo)場溫度，分(fen)解(jie)為(wei)(wei)水、碳酸(suan)(suan)鈉和(he)(he)二氧化碳，是干粉滅火(huo)器的(de)(de)(de)主要滅火(huo)材料。NaOH是強堿(jian)(jian)，具(ju)有堿(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)一切通性(xing)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)3種弱(ruo)(ruo)堿(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)對比(bi)組。堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)添(tian)(tian)加劑(ji)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)數(shu)設置為(wei)(wei)：0.04%,0.08%,0.40%,0.80%,1.00%和(he)(he)3.00%.根據相關文獻調研和(he)(he)單(dan)體(ti)表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)泡(pao)沫性(xing)能(neng)(neng)預備(bei)實(shi)驗結果，選用具(ju)有良好緩(huan)蝕(shi)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)、溫和(he)(he)不含(han)硅油等刺激性(xing)成分(fen)、發(fa)(fa)泡(pao)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)好的(de)(de)(de)月桂酰兩(liang)性(xing)基(ji)二乙酸(suan)(suan)二鈉（LAD）（C20H38N2Na2O6）作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)配制成質(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)數(shu)1%的(de)(de)(de)LAD水溶(rong)液進行本(ben)次實(shi)驗。LAD作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)性(xing)離(li)(li)子表(biao)面活(huo)性(xing)劑(ji)，其親(qin)水基(ji)中(zhong)既有陰離(li)(li)子特征羧基(ji)COOH,也有陽離(li)(li)子特征氮離(li)(li)子N+,而親(qin)油基(ji)主要為(wei)(wei)十(shi)一烷(wan)基(ji)。

圖(tu)1泡泡消(xiao)煙(yan)原(yuan)理圖(tu)

性能參數測(ce)試

用(yong)(yong)BZY-201自動表面張(zhang)力儀測(ce)定(ding)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)表面張(zhang)力；用(yong)(yong)PH818酸堿檢(jian)測(ce)計測(ce)量發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)pH值；用(yong)(yong)NDJ-1S數顯黏(nian)度(du)計傳感器檢(jian)測(ce)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)黏(nian)度(du)；采用(yong)(yong)改進(jin)Ross-mile法測(ce)定(ding)發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)泡(pao)(pao)沫性能；用(yong)(yong)CCZ1000濃度(du)測(ce)量儀（蘇(su)州(zhou)億利安機電科(ke)技有(you)限公(gong)司）測(ce)量煙氣濃度(du)，現場直接讀數，恒流取樣，測(ce)量僅與(yu)被測(ce)介質(zhi)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量有(you)關，不受顆粒的(de)(de)粒徑、成分、顏色及分散狀態等(deng)因素的(de)(de)影響。基于性能分析(xi)選配出具有(you)良好發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)性和穩(wen)泡(pao)(pao)性的(de)(de)二元發(fa)泡(pao)(pao)液(ye)(ye)。

汽油煙(yan)氣(qi)導入(ru)泡沫(mo)液凈化實驗

采用自制煙(yan)氣收集凈(jing)化(hua)裝置（圖3）測試汽油燃燒(shao)產生黑煙(yan)通入水(shui)和發泡溶液中的(de)pH值變(bian)化(hua)。

圖(tu)2汽油燃燒物潤(run)濕沉降情(qing)況

煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)收集(ji)凈化(hua)裝置(zhi)主要由(you)置(zhi)液(ye)(ye)桶(tong)、通(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管、離心式風機、吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)管、集(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)罩(zhao)和燃(ran)油(you)池等組成(cheng)，其(qi)凈煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)工作原理如圖3所示。風機抽走(zou)集(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)罩(zhao)下(xia)燃(ran)油(you)池中(zhong)汽(qi)油(you)燃(ran)燒(shao)的黑煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，將其(qi)通(tong)入桶(tong)內(nei)發泡液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)；氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體進入液(ye)(ye)體后(hou)會立刻浮出液(ye)(ye)面，在液(ye)(ye)體表面張力作用下(xia)排(pai)出液(ye)(ye)面的煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)被液(ye)(ye)膜(mo)包裹(guo)成(cheng)含煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)泡；隨著煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不斷被通(tong)入發泡液(ye)(ye)中(zhong)，含煙(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)泡泡很快就(jiu)溢滿整(zheng)個置(zhi)液(ye)(ye)桶(tong)。實驗(yan)前測量并記錄水及發泡液(ye)(ye)的pH值。

圖3煙氣收集凈化(hua)裝置作業原理

隧道汽油火災煙氣凈化模擬實驗

在自制(zhi)的模(mo)擬隧(sui)道內使用發泡液(ye)進行汽(qi)油火災煙氣(qi)凈化(hua)實驗，用CCZ100濃(nong)度測量儀測量煙氣(qi)濃(nong)度。

（1）燃燒(shao)汽油使黑(hei)煙(yan)自行(xing)消(xiao)散，測定黑(hei)煙(yan)濃度自行(xing)消(xiao)散變化規律。將兩個粉塵濃度測量儀(yi)分別(bie)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于監測點A和監測點B處(chu)，取(qu)5g汽油置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于燃油位置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，點燃汽油使其充分燃燒(shao)至自然熄滅，燃燒(shao)期間(jian)每5min測一次黑(hei)煙(yan)濃度，直到其質量濃度降到100mg/m3以下。每組實(shi)驗重復3次，取(qu)平(ping)均值。

（2）使(shi)用泡泡凈化(hua)汽油(you)(you)黑煙，測(ce)(ce)定黑煙濃(nong)度(du)(du)隨時間(jian)變化(hua)規律。將兩個濃(nong)度(du)(du)測(ce)(ce)量儀分別置于(yu)監測(ce)(ce)點(dian)A和(he)監測(ce)(ce)點(dian)B處，分別取5g和(he)10g汽油(you)(you)置于(yu)燃(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)位置，點(dian)燃(ran)(ran)汽油(you)(you)使(shi)其充(chong)分燃(ran)(ran)燒至(zhi)自然熄滅，燃(ran)(ran)燒期間(jian)每30s測(ce)(ce)一次黑煙濃(nong)度(du)(du)，測(ce)(ce)量間(jian)隔內啟(qi)動發泡機，持續噴射泡沫20s,當(dang)濃(nong)度(du)(du)降到100mg/m3以下(xia)時停止實驗(yan)。每組實驗(yan)重復3次，取平均值。

結果與分析

性能(neng)參數測試結果(guo)

發(fa)泡液的pH值

由于(yu)pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)受溫度影響會(hui)(hui)產生波動，本次實驗在(zai)12℃環境下測量(liang)試樣(yang)的pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。測量(liang)得(de)知無堿(jian)(jian)劑(ji)時(shi)(shi)(shi)1%LAD溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)的pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)8.39.4種堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)發泡(pao)液(ye)(ye)的pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)均隨著堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)含量(liang)的增(zeng)加而增(zeng)大。添加NaOH的發泡(pao)液(ye)(ye)pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最(zui)大。隨NaOH質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)數增(zeng)加pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)快速增(zeng)大。當NaOH質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)數超過1%時(shi)(shi)(shi)pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)增(zeng)速變(bian)慢(man)，當其質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)數為(wei)(wei)3%時(shi)(shi)(shi)達最(zui)高(gao)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)13.41.加入3種弱(ruo)堿(jian)(jian)的發泡(pao)液(ye)(ye)pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上升緩慢(man)。當弱(ruo)堿(jian)(jian)劑(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)數為(wei)(wei)3%時(shi)(shi)(shi)，Na2SO3的pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最(zui)高(gao)，為(wei)(wei)8.99,Na2S2O3和NaHCO3的pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)均低于(yu)9.pH值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)會(hui)(hui)隨堿(jian)(jian)劑(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)分(fen)數增(zeng)加而增(zeng)大，這是因為(wei)(wei)發泡(pao)液(ye)(ye)中加入堿(jian)(jian)劑(ji)會(hui)(hui)使H+的濃度小于(yu)OH-的濃度，且(qie)隨著堿(jian)(jian)量(liang)增(zeng)加兩種離子濃度差距增(zeng)大。說明LAD溶(rong)液(ye)(ye)與(yu)堿(jian)(jian)劑(ji)無中和反應，可以(yi)進行(xing)二(er)元復配。

表面張力

圖(tu)4是(shi)不同質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量分數堿(jian)(jian)劑發(fa)(fa)泡(pao)(pao)液表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)的測試(shi)結果。強堿(jian)(jian)NaOH使發(fa)(fa)泡(pao)(pao)液表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)明顯提高，在NaOH質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量分數3%時達(da)到最(zui)大(da)值(zhi)(zhi)38.3mN/m,隨后發(fa)(fa)泡(pao)(pao)液表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)值(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)持穩定，不受(shou)NaOH含量變(bian)化影響。說明NaOH濃(nong)度(du)升高時OH-過(guo)多，造成圖(tu)4加入堿(jian)(jian)劑后發(fa)(fa)泡(pao)(pao)溶(rong)(rong)液的表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)停留(liu)于溶(rong)(rong)液表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，阻礙了OH-與更多表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)活性物質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的反應機會(hui)，溶(rong)(rong)液表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)不再受(shou)影響。圖(tu)4中弱堿(jian)(jian)Na2S2O3,NaHCO3變(bian)化規(gui)律與NaOH相(xiang)似，低濃(nong)度(du)時發(fa)(fa)泡(pao)(pao)液表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)激增，達(da)到質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量分數0.8%之后，表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)值(zhi)(zhi)增幅減緩。NaOH加入使發(fa)(fa)泡(pao)(pao)液表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)增加了35.7%,而(er)其他3種(zhong)弱堿(jian)(jian)無機鹽在濃(nong)度(du)最(zui)大(da)時（質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量分數3%）僅(jin)增加約10%.與強堿(jian)(jian)劑相(xiang)比，弱堿(jian)(jian)劑對(dui)溶(rong)(rong)液表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)張力(li)(li)影響較小。